For the purposes of this debate, birth control requirement refers to the conditionality attached to developmental aid that has been imposed by numerous international organizations including USAID, the World Bank, UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), and IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation). These agencies required recipient countries to impose national policies on the proliferation of birth control, such as widespread promotion of contraception, sterilization campaigns, or restrictions on family size.

"A habatsu is a formal faction within Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), acting as a ""party within a party."" They were unique as a highly institutionalized system that controlled LDP politics through patronage, fundraising, and power-brokering. Unlike informal cliques, habatsu had official names, leaders, and offices. Their primary function was to secure ministerial posts and party positions for their members in exchange for loyalty. 

In late 2023, it was revealed that key factions had systematically failed to report millions of yen from fundraising parties, channeling the money into illegal slush funds. In response to plummeting approval ratings caused by the revealed corruption, the scandal led to the dissolution of most major factions."

In 2022, the Biden administration announced sweeping restrictions on semiconductor chips, including export controls, restrictions on hiring, and on research collaboration.

Religious reinterpretative groups are movements, organizations, or schools of thought within a religion that reinterpret existing religious texts, doctrines, or traditions. Examples include Liberation Theology, Islamic Feminism, Arya Samaj* etc.

*Arya Samaj is an Indian Hindu reform movement that rejects hereditary caste and untouchability as later distortions, advocating for a merit-based social order

After the waves of home foreclosures during the 2008 financial crisis, Private Equity (PE) firms bought distressed homes in bulk and turned them into rentals. Today, there are several PE firms that together own more than 2.2 million units, about 10% of the total housing stock in the U.S. alone. More recently in 2023, China implemented policy measures in a bid to attract PE funding into its housing market.

The July Revolution of 2024 in Bangladesh was a student-led mass uprising against the authoritarian government of the Bangladesh Awami League (BAL) under Sheikh Hasina, ending its fifteen years in power. Protests arose in response to widespread corruption, the detention and killing of dissidents by security agencies, and the mass shooting of protesters during July 2024. In its aftermath, the student revolutionaries installed an interim government led by Nobel laureate Dr. Muhammad Yunus, under whose leadership the BAL was banned. However, during the interim period, concerns over national security persisted, as lawlessness and mob violence reportedly increased.

Today, Bangladesh’s political landscape features the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which has been in power for two terms; the newly formed National Citizens Party (NCP), created by the July revolutionaries; and Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh (JIB), which has in the past aligned with both BAL and BNP. Alongside these parties, various Islamic groups and smaller left-leaning parties remain active

For the purposes of this debate, there are two models through which teacher training and hiring can be done.

Under the controlled model, the government or the central authority sets strict qualifications for entry into the teaching profession, imposes rigorous training programs, and maintains strong oversight over recruitment, certification, and professional development of teachers.

In contrast, under the flexible model, entry qualifications and training requirements are generally more relaxed, and local authorities or individual schools have more control over hiring and training of the teachers.